AMD (Age-Related Macular Degeneration)
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative eye disease that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision and color perception.
AMD is the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 50 in developed countries. It does not cause total blindness, but it can significantly impair central vision, making everyday activities such as reading, driving, or recognizing faces difficult.
The symptoms of AMD may vary depending on the stage and form of the disease. The most common signs include:
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- Blurred or distorted central vision: straight lines may appear wavy or broken. A dark or blurry spot may appear in the center of the visual field.
- Difficulty reading small print or seeing fine details.
- Difficulty adapting to changes in lighting.
- Altered color perception: colors may appear less vivid or duller.
It is important to note that AMD primarily affects central vision. Peripheral vision is generally preserved, which explains why AMD does not lead to total blindness. If you notice any of these symptoms, an ophthalmologic consultation is recommended.
There are two main forms of AMD:
Dry (atrophic) AMD: This is the most common form (about 80–90% of cases). It progresses slowly over several years through gradual atrophy of the macular cells. There is currently no curative treatment for dry AMD, but measures can be taken to slow its progression.
Wet (exudative) AMD: Less common (10–20% of cases) but more aggressive. It is characterized by abnormal growth of blood vessels beneath the retina, which leak and cause hemorrhages and macular edema. Wet AMD can lead to rapid vision loss if not treated promptly. Effective treatments exist to slow down or even stop the progression of wet AMD.
Distinguishing between dry and wet AMD is essential, as management and treatments differ significantly. Only a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination can determine the type of AMD and the appropriate treatment.
Several factors increase the risk of developing AMD:
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- Age: The risk increases significantly after age 50, and particularly after age 60. This is the main risk factor.
- Family history of AMD: A genetic component is involved.
- Smoking, which is a major and modifiable risk factor.
- Caucasian ethnicity, which is associated with a higher prevalence.
- High blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases.
- Obesity.
- Certain nutritional deficiencies.
Understanding these risk factors helps adopt preventive measures and remain vigilant about eye health, especially if several of these factors apply to you.
Management of AMD: slowing progression and preserving vision
There is currently no cure for AMD, but effective treatments are available to slow disease progression and preserve vision, particularly in the wet form. Management depends on the type of AMD.
For dry AMD, the goal is to slow progression. Regular monitoring and ophthalmologic examinations are recommended to track disease evolution and to detect early conversion to the wet form.
For wet AMD, treatments aim to stabilize and improve vision.
Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (Anti–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) are the standard treatment for wet AMD. These medications, injected directly into the eye, block the growth of abnormal blood vessels and reduce leakage, often stabilizing vision and sometimes improving it. Injections are usually repeated on a regular basis.
Laser treatments may be used in certain specific cases of wet AMD.
Low-vision rehabilitation and visual aids may be prescribed for both forms of AMD to optimize remaining vision.
If you are concerned about your risk of AMD, if you are experiencing suggestive symptoms, or if you have been diagnosed with AMD, our ophthalmology clinic in Geneva is available to support you. We perform all examinations necessary for diagnosing AMD, provide personalized care, and ensure regular follow-up to preserve your vision as effectively as possible.
